PharmaPHILIA - Extracting Concepts Of Medical With Rph FIA

  PRINCIPLE OF ANTI-MICROBIAL THERAPY Selection of Anti-microbial therapy  1)organism‟s identity  2)organism‟s susceptibility to particular agent 3)site of infection  4)patient‟s factor  5)safety of agent  6) cost of therapy

ARENERGIC BLOCKER/SYMPATHOLYTICS Bind to adrenoreceptors reversibly or irreversibly, preventing its activation by endogenous catecholamine.   CLASSIFICATION α Blockers Phenoxybenzamine , Phentolamine, Prazocin, Terazocin, Doxazocin, Yohimbine, Alfuzosin, Tamsulosin β Blockers  Propranolol, Metoprolol, Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol, Labetalol, Nadolol, Nebivolol, Penbutolol, Pindolol, Timolol Inhibiting reuptake or release Guanethidine, Reserpine Phenoxybenzamine: non-selective, α1 & α2 blocker, irreversible, non-competitive, MOA:  covalently block the α1 & α2 adrenoreceptor..action last about 24hrs..body has to synthesize new receptor to overcome this block.. Actions:  vasodilation..decreased peripheral resistance provoke Reflex Tachycardia… Not used in Hypertension b/c its blockade release more nor-epinephrine which stimulate β receptor…. Epinephrine Reversal b/c by blocking α adrenoreceptor it bloc...

Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic agonists These drug act on adrenergic receptors by activating it ..    

Cholinergic anatagonist/ cholinergic blocker/Parasympathetolytic/Anticholinergic  /Antimuscarinic   These agents selectively block muscarinic receptors of parasympathomimetic nerves  Atropine= tertiary amine…Belladona alkaloid…Hyocyamine active isomer MOA: bind competitively prevent Ach from binding to those receptor act both centrally and peripherally Effects   Produce Cycloplegia; inability to focus near vision….unresponsive to light Mydriasis : dilation of pupil by contracting radial muscle & dilating ciliary muscle  Antispadmodic: reduce activity of GIT  Tachycardia, reduce the hypermotility of urinary bladder, secretions increase temp.of  body can be dangerous in childern and elderly  T.E: measurement of Refractive error  Antispasmodic antidote for cholinergic agonist  Antisecretery healing of peptic ulcer S.E blurred vision, sandy eyes, Dilirium, hallucination..  Classification:  Antimuscarinic agents Atropine, Benzt...

Neurotransmitter: C hemical signals involved in communication b/w nerve cells, and b/w  nerve cells & effector cells e.g Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine, Dopamine,  Serotonin, Histamine, GABA  Hormone : Released from endocrine cells, into blood stream, travel throughout the body  Local mediators: cells secrete the chemicals act locally in their immediate environment  e.g Histamine, Prostaglandins  Second Messenger: produced in response to neurotransmitter binding to receptors, translate the extracellular signal into response e.g cAMP, IP3, DAG Botulinum  Toxin:  blocked release of Ach from vesicles into Synaptic cleft Spider Venom causes release of Ach from vesicles  AcetylCholineEsterases: degrade Ach in the synaptic cleft by hydrolyzing  Ca2+ :  Elevated level of calcium causes fusion of vesicles & release of Ach in synaptic  cleft  Muscarinic Receptors:   G-protein coupled receptors---Bind with...

Nervous system divided in 1)CNS 2)PNS Peripheral Nervous sys .  PNS: 1)Efferant division (brain to peripheral) 2)Afferant division(peripheral to brain)  Efferant Division: Motor neurons  1)ANS Autonomic Nervous Sys. 2)Somatic sys.  ANS divided in  1)ENS (Enteric nervous sys)  2)PNS ( parasympathic nervous sys)  3)SNS  (sympathic nervous sys). ANS : Involuntary/Visceral/Vegetative=regulates the everyday requirement of vital bodily  function without conscious participation of mind  Somatic SYS .: Voluntary control of functions such as contraction of skeletal muscle   Sympathic Neurons: 👉Preganglionic neurons of sympathetic come from T1-L2 of spinal  cord-------short compare to postganglionic neurons  Response to stressful situation such as trauma,cold,hypoglycemia,exercise  Fight or Flight response ---release of adrenaline(epinephrine) & lesser amount of  norepinephrinee. Parasympathetic system: maintain the...

DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTION &  PHARMACODYNAMICS DO YOU KNOW ABOUT DR INTERACTIONS AND ITS WORKING ? Ligand :  small molecule that binds to a site on protein receptor---it is drug/natural  molecule/sec.messenger  Receptors Classification  1) Ligand-gated ion receptor=binding of ligand to receptor  e.g stimulation of nicotine receptor by Ach (Acetylcholine) binding results in Na+ influx,  generation of action potential,contraction of skeletal muscle BZD(benzodiazeoine) enhance stimulation of GABA, CI- influx, hyperpolarization  Very rapid response, few millisecond  2) G-Protein coupled receptor= linked to G-protein(Gs,Gi etc) ----having 3 subunits(α, β, γ)--- ligand bind to receptor---activation of G-protein---GTP replace GDP on α subunit---activate sec- messenger---produce further action in cell  e.g activation of Adenylyl Cyclase by α-GTP----production of cAMP---regulates protein  phosphorylation. G-protein also activate the Phosp...