PharmaPHILIA - Extracting Concepts Of Medical With Rph FIA

ARENERGIC BLOCKER/SYMPATHOLYTICS Bind to adrenoreceptors reversibly or irreversibly, preventing its activation by endogenous catecholamine.   CLASSIFICATION α Blockers Phenoxybenzamine , Phentolamine, Prazocin, Terazocin, Doxazocin, Yohimbine, Alfuzosin, Tamsulosin β Blockers  Propranolol, Metoprolol, Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol, Labetalol, Nadolol, Nebivolol, Penbutolol, Pindolol, Timolol Inhibiting reuptake or release Guanethidine, Reserpine Phenoxybenzamine: non-selective, α1 & α2 blocker, irreversible, non-competitive, MOA:  covalently block the α1 & α2 adrenoreceptor..action last about 24hrs..body has to synthesize new receptor to overcome this block.. Actions:  vasodilation..decreased peripheral resistance provoke Reflex Tachycardia… Not used in Hypertension b/c its blockade release more nor-epinephrine which stimulate β receptor…. Epinephrine Reversal b/c by blocking α adrenoreceptor it bloc...

Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic agonists These drug act on adrenergic receptors by activating it ..    

Cholinergic anatagonist/ cholinergic blocker/Parasympathetolytic/Anticholinergic  /Antimuscarinic   These agents selectively block muscarinic receptors of parasympathomimetic nerves  Atropine= tertiary amine…Belladona alkaloid…Hyocyamine active isomer MOA: bind competitively prevent Ach from binding to those receptor act both centrally and peripherally Effects   Produce Cycloplegia; inability to focus near vision….unresponsive to light Mydriasis : dilation of pupil by contracting radial muscle & dilating ciliary muscle  Antispadmodic: reduce activity of GIT  Tachycardia, reduce the hypermotility of urinary bladder, secretions increase temp.of  body can be dangerous in childern and elderly  T.E: measurement of Refractive error  Antispasmodic antidote for cholinergic agonist  Antisecretery healing of peptic ulcer S.E blurred vision, sandy eyes, Dilirium, hallucination..  Classification:  Antimuscarinic agents Atropine, Benzt...

Neurotransmitter: C hemical signals involved in communication b/w nerve cells, and b/w  nerve cells & effector cells e.g Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine, Dopamine,  Serotonin, Histamine, GABA  Hormone : Released from endocrine cells, into blood stream, travel throughout the body  Local mediators: cells secrete the chemicals act locally in their immediate environment  e.g Histamine, Prostaglandins  Second Messenger: produced in response to neurotransmitter binding to receptors, translate the extracellular signal into response e.g cAMP, IP3, DAG Botulinum  Toxin:  blocked release of Ach from vesicles into Synaptic cleft Spider Venom causes release of Ach from vesicles  AcetylCholineEsterases: degrade Ach in the synaptic cleft by hydrolyzing  Ca2+ :  Elevated level of calcium causes fusion of vesicles & release of Ach in synaptic  cleft  Muscarinic Receptors:   G-protein coupled receptors---Bind with...

Nervous system divided in 1)CNS 2)PNS Peripheral Nervous sys .  PNS: 1)Efferant division (brain to peripheral) 2)Afferant division(peripheral to brain)  Efferant Division: Motor neurons  1)ANS Autonomic Nervous Sys. 2)Somatic sys.  ANS divided in  1)ENS (Enteric nervous sys)  2)PNS ( parasympathic nervous sys)  3)SNS  (sympathic nervous sys). ANS : Involuntary/Visceral/Vegetative=regulates the everyday requirement of vital bodily  function without conscious participation of mind  Somatic SYS .: Voluntary control of functions such as contraction of skeletal muscle   Sympathic Neurons: 👉Preganglionic neurons of sympathetic come from T1-L2 of spinal  cord-------short compare to postganglionic neurons  Response to stressful situation such as trauma,cold,hypoglycemia,exercise  Fight or Flight response ---release of adrenaline(epinephrine) & lesser amount of  norepinephrinee. Parasympathetic system: maintain the...

DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTION &  PHARMACODYNAMICS DO YOU KNOW ABOUT DR INTERACTIONS AND ITS WORKING ? Ligand :  small molecule that binds to a site on protein receptor---it is drug/natural  molecule/sec.messenger  Receptors Classification  1) Ligand-gated ion receptor=binding of ligand to receptor  e.g stimulation of nicotine receptor by Ach (Acetylcholine) binding results in Na+ influx,  generation of action potential,contraction of skeletal muscle BZD(benzodiazeoine) enhance stimulation of GABA, CI- influx, hyperpolarization  Very rapid response, few millisecond  2) G-Protein coupled receptor= linked to G-protein(Gs,Gi etc) ----having 3 subunits(α, β, γ)--- ligand bind to receptor---activation of G-protein---GTP replace GDP on α subunit---activate sec- messenger---produce further action in cell  e.g activation of Adenylyl Cyclase by α-GTP----production of cAMP---regulates protein  phosphorylation. G-protein also activate the Phosp...

must read the bold points what happens when you eat a pill ? Pharmacokinetics :  describe drug absorption, distribution, metbolism and elimination  Routes of drug administration:  1) Omeprazole are acid unstable, enteric-coated preparation. 2) Aspirin have irritating effects on stomach, enteric-coated preparation  3) t1/2 of Morphine is 2-4 hours, oral morphine need 6 times in 24hrs, need extended release  preparation  4) nitroglycerein is sublingual  5) Atracurium, neuromuscular blocker, i/v administered, not absorbed orally  6) I/V bolus: full amount of a drug is delivered to the systemic circulation almost immediately 7) I/V infusion: full amount of drug administered slowly during a long time  8) Depot preparation: suspension of drug in a non-aqueous vehicle such as polyethylene glycol  e.g Erythromycin, haloperidol(anti-psychotic/neuroleptic),medroxyprogesterone(contraceptive)  9) sub-cutaneous: Epinephrine ,Lidocaine , ins...

Diabetics is a metabolic disorder which affects 2.8% of population in 2000 and expected to increase 4.4% in 2030. Numeric figure of this percentage is 366 million that’s means in 2030, 366 million will affected from diabetics mellitus.   What is diabetes? Diabetic is metabolic disorder which is polygenic in nature alike hypertension and coronary heart disease. Estimated 95% of diabetics’ cases are polygenic in nature which means an inherited disorder which are the resultant of combined actions of more than one genes.   Whereas genetic mutation in one gene referred to as monogenic diabetes and accounts for 1-5% of diabetes cases. Most of the young age diabetes are monogenic diabetes. In this form beta cells of pancreas are unable to produce insulin, insulin that is responsible for the maintaining blood glucose level. Altering in blood glucose level lead to end organ damage Types of diabetes? Type of diabetes depend on its age whereas severity of disease depend upon...

I want to write a book on the topic of hair loss but unfortunately the pages are fallen off.  What Is Actual Hair Loss ?? Is it natural to lose 100 -150 hairs in a days? And what science tells us about hair loss? Hair loss is natural phenomena in both men and women but we need to trace out when it become unnatural and require treatment. Basically everyone should understand when hair loss become alarming for you Alarming Hair Loss Hair loss occurs gradually or sometimes suddenly only on scalp or whole body. Either it happened because of simple natural way and sometimes complex disease which ultimately affects the health and all fast growing cells which includes hair and nails. Hair loss is natural and important process for balancing the hairs on your scalp by regrowing of hairs. TRACE OUT THE REASON OF YOUR HAIR LOSS   Trace out the reason of your hair loss Hair loss occur when hair fallen off from your scalp or anywhere from your body and did not regrow. Som...