PharmaPHILIA - Extracting Concepts Of Medical With Rph FIA

  Pain =unpleasant sensation acute or chronic consequence of neurochemical processin the peripheral and CNS. Opioids are natural or synthetic compounds that prodce Morphine-like effect Opioids Receptors= Protein receptors in CNS ,periphery and GIT..μ(mu), k(kappa), δ(delta) .. Morphine= Prototype, high affinity for μ receptor MOA= inhibit Adenylyl cyclase..increase K+ ion ..hyperpolarization..decrease Ca++influx ..Morphine act at k receptor in spinal cord & decrease Substance P..modulate pain ACTIONS= Analgesic by rising pain threshold in spinal cord & altering pain perception in brain...Euphoria..Respiratory Depression..Depression of Cough reflexes..Miosis(pin point pupil)....Emesis by stimulating CTZ..decrease GIT movement..Dilate CSF so contra in Brain injury..Histamine release..increase Growth hormone.. Prolong Labor T.E= induce Sleep...treatment of Diarrhea...Relief of Cough...treatment of Acute Pulmonary Edema P.K= linear P.K..First pass met..Morphine-6-Glucuronide p...

  Anxiety: unpleasant state of tension, apprehension, uneasiness, Classification  Benzodiazepens Bezodiazepene=composed of α , β , γ..BZD binds to GABA receptor at specific site located at the interface of α & γ2 subunit...influx of Cl- ions...hyperpolarization... Θ action potential Two BZD receptors BZ1 & BZ2 Actions  reduction of anxiety....sedation...Anticonvulsant....Muscle relaxant. .Anterograde Amnesia.. T.E  used in GAD(Generalized Anxiety Disorder),  PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder),  OCD(Obsessive Compulsive Disorder),  Phobia, Social Anxiety,  for Panic disorder Alprazolam is effective In Muscular Disorder Diazepam used.  Midazolam induce Anaesthesia Diazepam & Lorazepam DOC in Grand-Mal Epileptic disorder.. Clonazepam in Seizure Flurazepam (85hr t1/2) , Temazepam used in REM(Rapid Eye Movement) Triazolam used in induction of sleep S.E  drowsiness & confusion, Ataxia, weight gain, sexual dysfunction Contrai...

  Different seizure types & syndromes originating from several mechanism that have in common sudden, excessive & synchronous discharge of cerebral neurons 3rd most common disease after CVS & Alzheimer Idiopathic Epilepsy when no specific anatomic cause for the seizure such as Trauma or Neoplasm, patient may be diagnosed with Idiopathic/Cryptogenic/Primary Epilepsy Symptomatic Epilepsy  Ano. Of cause such as Illicit drug use,tumor, head injury, hypoglycemia, meningeal infection, rapid withdrawl from Alchol can precipitate seizure Classification of Seizure 1) Partial seizure:  involve only a portion of brain,part of one lobe of one Hemisphere... I. Simple Partial: these seizures are caused by a group of hyperactive neuron exhibiting abnormal electrical activity which confined to single locus in the brain ll. Complex Partial: These seizures exhibit complex sensory hallucination & mental distortion. Motor dysfunction involves Chewing movement, Diarrhea, Urina...

 Depression : intense feeling of sadness, hopelessness, despair symptoms that shows you are depressed SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS MOA: inhibit serotonin reuptake...have little ability to block Dopamine Actions:  Citalopram & Fuloxetine are Racemic mixture..Escitalopram is S-enantiomer of Citalopram...Fuloxetine has 50hr t1/2. T.E:  treat Depression, Bulimia Nervosa, GAD, PTSD S.E: Sexual dysfunction, Suicidal ideation in Adults...Sleep disturbance.. Serotonin syndrome: Hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, Myoclonus muscle on withdrawl SEROTONIN/NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR Inhibit reuptake of both Serotonin & NorEpinephrine Venlafaxine & Desvenlafaxine= Desvenlafaxine is metabolite of Venlafaxine.. Duloxetine=Contraindicated in kidney impair.. T.E: used in Depression, Backache, MuscleAche, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSENTS Mixed group of agents have action at different sites Bupropion : weak dopamine & norepinephrine reupt...

ALSO WATCH PRECISE VIDEOS OF ANTIMICROBIAL Parkinsonism Neurological disorder of muscle movement, characterized by Tremor, Muscular rigidity, Bradykinesia(slowness ininitiating & carrying voluntary  movement) , Postural and gait abnormalities. Etiology: imbalance b/w Substantia nigra & Neostriatum...Loss of DOPAMINE results in increased production of Ach in NEOSTRIATUM & decrease Inhibitory effect of DOPAMINE(produce in SUBSTANTIA NIGRA) on Ach... Levodopa  metabolic precursor of DOPAMINE...only provide Symptomatic relief MOA Dopamine does not cross B.B.B..Levodopa actively transported into CNS .converted into Dopamine in Brain... Carbidopa  DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor...Θ metabolism of Levodopa in GIT & Peripheral tissue...increasing availability of DOPA in brain T.E  2/3rd of Patient in Parkinson disase reduce severity of disease.. P.K levodopa 1-2 hr t1/2..ingestion of high protein(Amino ACIDS) may interfere in the transport of Levodopa...should b...

Drugs used to treat Erectile Dysfunction Erectile Dysfunction= inability to maintain Penile erection for successful performance of Sexual activity ED has physical & psychological causes including vascular disease, diabetes, medications, depression, prostatic surgery Classification Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction (PhosphoDiEstrase-5 inhibitor) Sildenafil Tadalafil Vardenafil Previous therapies include intrapenile inj of Alprostadil, penile implant Phosphodiestrase-5 inhibitor PDE-5 MOA NO activate Guanylyl cyclase... form cGMP... ↓ intracellular Ca++.....relaxation  of smooth muscles...PDE-5 responsible degradation of cGMP... PDE-5 inhibitors Θ  PDE-5.... Increase blood flow into Corpus Cavernosum at any level of sexual stimulation No effect in the absence of sexual stimulation P.K  should be taken 1hr prior to sexual activity... Erectile enhancement upto 4hr.. Abs.   delayed by high fat meal... Disintegrating tab of Vardenafil not affected by fat meal ... S.E ...

 OTHER PAST PAPERS OF AKUH Pharmacology   1) ______ is used to prevent H1N1 A)Amentadine B)Oselteamivir C)Acyclovire D)Ganciclovir  2) Competitive alters____ and non-competitive inhibitors alters______. A) Efficacy: Potency  B)Potency: Efficacy  C)Efficacy: efficacy  D) Potency: potency 3) ________ fungal infection is very difficult to irradiate. A) Nail B) Scalp C) Skin D) Mucous membrane            4) A 300 mg dose of a drug is given whose t1/2 is 6 months. What is the amount remaining after 2 years (F=1) (hint: exponential elimination) 5) ______ cream 1% is used in burn. A)cortisole B)clotrimazole C) Silver sulfadiazine D)        c is annnnns 6) _____ is used to treate scabies 7) A person allergic to easter type anesthetic, what would you give? A) Tetracain B) Bupivacain C) Procain D) All 8) Rauwolfia alkaloid is/are: A) Raserpine B) ephedrine C) bromocriptine D) All  9) Which prostaglandin is used i...