PharmaPHILIA - Extracting Concepts Of Medical With Rph FIA

  Immune activation 3 signal model Signal 1 =Antigen at APC(Antigen presenting Surface) react with T-Cell at CD3 receptor Signal 2 =CD80 & CD86 at APC engage with CD28 at T-Cell Signal 1 & Signal 2 activate Calcium-Calcineurin Pathway, production of Cytokine i.e IL-2, IL-15, CD154, CD25. Signal 3 =IL-2 bind with CD25 at T-Cell activate mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) , stimulate T-Cell proliferation Selective Inhibitor of Cytokine

 TOXICOLOGY Toxicity = Inherent capacity of chemical to cause injur...dose & duration dependent Acute toxicity: conversion of Xenobiotics into Nucleophilic specie Chronic toxicity: conversion of Xenobiotics into Electrophilic specie Warfarin is Rodenticide...Malathion Θ AcetylCholinEsterase, Ach toxicity Asbestos is Carcinogenic CCL4: from consumption of Contaminated water...cause Irritation of Eyes & Respiratory Chloroform: Hepaatotoxic, Nephrotoxic Benzene: Hematopoietic toxicity...Agranulocytosis, Leukopenia Toluene: CNS impair Speech, hearing, vision Methanol (Wood Alchol) & Ethylene Glycol: Methanol oxidizes into Formic acid... Ethylene Glycol oxidized into Glycolic, Oxalic, and Glyxolic acid Isopropnol: metabolize into Acetone, then COOH, cause Acedemia Organophosphate & Carbmate= Inseecticides....ΘAcetylCholinesterase Pyrethroids: Insecticide...↑Na+...Convulsion, itching...S.E; Contact Dermatitis, Asthma Rotenone: Insectiside... ΘNAD+ by ↓O2 Lead: C...

 Autocoid  Endogeenous ccompound act on the Tissue from where they formed Histamine, Prostglandin, Serotonin Prostaglandinns Mifepristone, Misoprostol H1-Anti-Histamine(First Generation) Chlorpheniramine, Cyclizine, Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, Doxepin, Doxylamine, Hdroxyzine, Meclizine, Promethazine H1-Anti-Histamine(2nd Generation) Acrivastine, Cetrizine, Desloratadine, Fexofenadine, Loratadine Drug for Migraine Almotriptan, Eletriptan, Frovatriptan, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan Histamine  Chemical messenger, generated in Mast cell...No therapeutic effect but Anti-Histamine have Therapeutic effect... Location Found in Lung, Skin, GIT...Histamine found in Mast cell, Basophil, Insect sting, Venom Synthesis Histidine→Histamine by Decarboxylation...Stored as Histamine complex with Heparin (PolySulfated anion)...Histamine inactivated by Amine oxidase Release  By Cold, Bacterial toxin, Bee Sting, Trauma, Allergies, Anaphylaxis MOA H1, H2, H3, H...

 PROSTAGLANDIN Unsaturated Fatty acids containing 20 carbon, also called “Eicosanoid” Synthesis= Arachidonic acid “20 carbon fatty acid” precursor of PG(Prostaglandin) ... Free Arachidonic acid release from Phospholipid by action of Phospholipase A2 Cyclo-Oxygenase Pathway= PG synthesized through Cyclooxygenase pathway... Cyclooxygenase 1= responsible for Physiologic production of PG ...  Involved in Platelet Aggregation, Gastric Cytoprotection, Homeostasis, Reproduction, Kidney function Cyclooxygenase 2= ↑PG level in Chronic disease & Inflammation...Expressed in Brain, Bone, Kidney....Θ by Glucocorticoid Lipoxygenase Pathway= Lipoxygenase Act on Arachidnic acid to form 5-HPETE, 12-HPETE, 15-HPETE (HydroPeroxyEicosa TetraEnoic Acid)...Leukotriene & Lipoxin produced involved in Asthma Actions of PG= via Gprotein which Activate or Inhibit Adenylyl cyclase...Stimulate Phospholipase C...Activate Sec-Messenger DAG & Inositol Triphosphate PGF2α, TXA2, LeuT involved in P...

  Estrogens Estradiol known as 17-β-Estradiol most imp Estrogen produced in Ovary… principle Estrogen in Postmenopausal women… Estrone have 1/3rd potency of Estradiol… primary circulating Estrogen after Menopause. Estriol, metabolite of Estradiol produced by Placenta... Estrone & Equilin prep used in  HRT (Hormone replacement therapy) PAST PAPER SERIES  Tamoxifene & Raloxifene; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator…nonsteroidal..exert  estrogenic or Antiestrogenic effects… MOA= bind to sex hormone in plasma...diffuse across cell memb...bind to nuclear protein.. Two estrogen receptor α & β…α-receptor is CLASSIC receptor…α-receptor promote Transcription while β- contain REPRESSER domain….result in synthesis of different protein… T.E= used for Contraception& Postmeopausal hormone therapy..prevention of Osteoporosis… S.E= nausea, breast tenderness…. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Toremifene is an orphan drug… MOA= bind to estrogen recepto...

Adrenal gland consist of cortex & medulla.... Medulla secrete Epinephrine... Cortex secrete Adrenal Corticoids & Adrenal Androgens

Past papers of AKUH SPSC PPSC AND OTHER SCREENING TEST   Pharmacology   1) ______ is used to prevent H1N1 A)Amentadine B)Oselteamivir C)Acyclovire D)Ganciclovir  2) Competitive alters____ and non-competitive inhibitors alters______. A) Efficacy: Potency  B)Potency: Efficacy  C)Efficacy: efficacy  D) Potency: potency 3) ________ fungal infection is very difficult to irradiate. A) Nail B) Scalp C) Skin D) Mucous membrane            4) A 300 mg dose of a drug is given whose t1/2 is 6 months. What is the amount remaining after 2 years (F=1) (hint: exponential elimination) 5) Dermatophytes is treated by _____  ______ cream 1% is used in burn. A)cortisole B)clotrimazole C) Silver sulfadiazine 6) _PERMETHRIN CREAM 5%_____ use in ? 7) A person allergic to easter type anesthetic, what would you give? A) Tetracain B) Bupivacain C) Procain D) All 8) Rauwolfia alkaloid is/are: A) Raserpine B) ephedrine C) bromocriptine D) All  9)...